tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82171129768420205872011-11-27T15:23:14.147-08:00Cikgu Jeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10406902499183026672noreply@blogger.comBlogger231100tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8217112976842020587.post-1362253963604972902008-08-31T03:08:00.000-07:002008-09-01T09:12:43.348-07:00<div class="mainbody"><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:120;" >Mind Map (Click to Enlarge)<br /><br /></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.one-school.net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revisioncard/biology/movementacrossmembrane/images/mindmap1.png"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px;" src="http://www.one-school.net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revisioncard/biology/movementacrossmembrane/images/mindmap1.png" alt="" border="0" /></a><br /><h2>Table of Content</h2><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:120;" ><span style="font-size:100%;">Movement of Substances Across the Plasma Membrane</span></span><br /><br /><ul><li><a href="http://spmbiology403.blogspot.com/2008/08/plasma-membrane.html">3.1 The Plasma Membrane</a></li><li><a href="http://spmbiology403.blogspot.com/2008/08/passive-transport-simple-diffusion.html">3.2 Passive Transport - Simple Diffusion</a></li><li><a href="http://spmbiology403.blogspot.com/2008/08/passive-transport-osmosis.html">3.3 Passive Transport - Osmosis</a></li><li><a href="http://spmbiology403.blogspot.com/2008/08/passive-transport-facilitated-diffusion.html">3.4 Passive Transport - Facilitated Diffusion</a></li><li><a href="http://spmbiology403.blogspot.com/2008/08/active-transport.html">3.5 Active Transport</a></li><li><a href="http://spmbiology403.blogspot.com/2008/08/types-of-solution-hypotonic.html">3.6 Hypotonic Solution</a></li><li><a href="http://spmbiology403.blogspot.com/2008/08/types-of-solution-isotonic.html">3.7 Isotonic Solution</a></li><li><a href="http://spmbiology403.blogspot.com/2008/08/types-of-solution-hypertonic.html">3.8 Hypertonic Solution</a></li></ul><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Chemical Composition of the Cells</span></span><br /><ul><li><a href="http://spmbiology403.blogspot.com/2008/08/element-in-cell.html">4.1 Elements in the Cells</a></li><li><a href="http://spmbiology403.blogspot.com/2008/08/carbohydrates.html">4.2 Introduction to Carbohydrate</a></li><li><a href="http://spmbiology403.blogspot.com/2008/08/carbohydrates-monosacharides.html">4.3 Carbohydrate - Monosaccharide</a></li><li><a href="http://spmbiology403.blogspot.com/2008/08/carbohydrates-disacharides.html">4.4 Carbohydrate - Disaccharide</a><br /></li></ul><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8217112976842020587-136225396360497290?l=spmbiology403.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Cikgu Jeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10406902499183026672noreply@blogger.com40tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8217112976842020587.post-786926812707928802008-08-30T11:32:00.002-07:002008-08-30T11:47:48.300-07:00<div class="mainbox"><span class="head2">Dairy Industry</span><br />Rennin, derived from the stomachs of young ruminant animals (like calves and lambs). <br /><br />Manufacture of cheese, used to hydrolyze protein.<br /><br /><br />Microbially produced enzyme<br />Now finding increasing use in the dairy industry.<br /><br /><br />Lipases<br />Is implemented during the production of Roquefort cheese to enhance the ripening of the blue-mould cheese.<br /><br />Lactases<br /><br />Break down lactose to glucose and galactose.<br /><span class="head2">Fish and Meat Industry</span><br />Papain <br /><br />To soften meat for cooking.<br /><br /><br /><span class="head2">Baking Industry</span><br />Fungal alpha-amylase enzymes are normally inactivated at about 50 degrees Celsius, but are destroyed during the baking process.<br />Catalyze breakdown of starch in the flour to sugar. Yeast action on sugar produces carbon dioxide. Used in production of white bread, buns, and rolls.<br /><br />Proteases<br />Biscuit manufacturers use them to lower the protein level of flour.<br /><br /><br /><span class="head2">Paper Industry</span><br />Amylases, Xylanases, Cellulases and ligninases<br /><br />Degrade starch to lower viscosity, aiding sizing and coating paper. Xylanases reduce bleach required for decolorising; cellulases smooth fibers, enhance water drainage, and promote ink removal; lipases reduce pitch and lignin-degrading enzymes remove lignin to soften paper.<br /><br /><br /><span class="head2">Brewing Industry</span><br />Enzymes from barley are released during the mashing stage of beer production. They degrade starch and proteins to produce simple sugar, amino acids and peptides that are used by yeast for fermentation.<br /><br />Industrially produced barley enzymes <br />Widely used in the brewing process to substitute for the natural enzymes found in barley.<br /><br />Amylase, glucanases, proteases <br />Split polysaccharides and proteins in the malt.<br /><br /><br />Betaglucanases and arabinoxylanases <br />Improve the wort and beer filtration characteristics.<br /><br /><br />Amyloglucosidase and pullulanases <br />Low-calorie beer and adjustment of fermentability.<br /><br /><br />Proteases <br />Remove cloudiness produced during storage of beers.<br /><br /><br />Acetolactatedecarboxylase (ALDC)<br />Avoid the formation of diacetyl<br /><br /><br /><span class="head2">Textile Industry</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span class="head2">Leather Tanning Industry</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span class="head2">Biological Detergent</span><br />Primarily proteases, produced in an extracellular form from bacteria<br /><br />Used for presoak conditions and direct liquid applications helping with removal of protein stains from clothes.<br /><br /><br />Amylases<br /><br />Detergents for machine dish washing to remove resistant starch residues.<br /><br /><br />Lipases<br />Used to assist in the removal of fatty and oily stains.<br /><br /><br />Cellulases<br />Used in biological fabric conditioners.<br /><br /><br /><span class="head2">Food Processing</span><br />Cellulases, pectinases Clarify fruit juices<br /><br />Amylases, amyloglucosideases and glucoamylases<br /><br />Converts starch into glucose and various syrups.<br /><br /><br />Glucose isomerase<br /><br />Converts glucose into fructose in production of high fructose syrups from starchy materials. These syrups have enhanced sweetening properties and lower calorific values than sucrose for the same level of sweetness.<br /><span class="head2">Medical Analysis</span><br /><br /><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8217112976842020587-78692681270792880?l=spmbiology403.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Cikgu Jeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10406902499183026672noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8217112976842020587.post-25152728731446331202008-08-30T11:32:00.001-07:002008-08-30T11:32:55.330-07:00<div class="mainbox"><span class="head2">Monosacharides</span><br /><br /><br /><span class="head2">Reducing Sugar and Non-Reducing Sugar</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8217112976842020587-2515272873144633120?l=spmbiology403.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Cikgu Jeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10406902499183026672noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8217112976842020587.post-78518577067199108162008-08-30T11:31:00.002-07:002008-08-30T11:32:19.150-07:00<div class="mainbox"><span class="head2">Monosacharides</span><br /><br /><br /><span class="head2">Reducing Sugar and Non-Reducing Sugar</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8217112976842020587-7851857706719910816?l=spmbiology403.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Cikgu Jeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10406902499183026672noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8217112976842020587.post-12118852300122267532008-08-30T11:31:00.001-07:002008-08-30T11:31:16.633-07:00<div class="mainbox"><span class="head2">Monosacharides</span><br /><br /><br /><span class="head2">Reducing Sugar and Non-Reducing Sugar</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8217112976842020587-1211885230012226753?l=spmbiology403.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Cikgu Jeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10406902499183026672noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8217112976842020587.post-57171502497509315972008-08-30T11:30:00.001-07:002008-08-30T21:04:32.933-07:00<div class="mainbox"><span class="head2">Monosacharides</span><br /><br /><br /><span class="head2">Reducing Sugar and Non-Reducing Sugar</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><div class="linkbox"><br />Biology Animation:<br /><a href="http://www.lewport.wnyric.org/jwanamaker/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html">All about Enzyme</a></div><br /><br /><div class="linkbox"><br />External Resources:<br /><a href="http://www.biotopics.co.uk/other/enzyme.html">How Enzymes Work</a></div><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8217112976842020587-5717150249750931597?l=spmbiology403.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Cikgu Jeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10406902499183026672noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8217112976842020587.post-2817020909128892722008-08-30T11:29:00.004-07:002008-08-30T11:30:04.964-07:00<div class="mainbox"><span class="head2">Monosacharides</span><br /><br /><br /><span class="head2">Reducing Sugar and Non-Reducing Sugar</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8217112976842020587-281702090912889272?l=spmbiology403.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Cikgu Jeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10406902499183026672noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8217112976842020587.post-4315731144055053782008-08-30T11:29:00.003-07:002008-08-30T11:29:35.367-07:00<div class="mainbox"><span class="head2">Monosacharides</span><br /><br /><br /><span class="head2">Reducing Sugar and Non-Reducing Sugar</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8217112976842020587-431573114405505378?l=spmbiology403.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Cikgu Jeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10406902499183026672noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8217112976842020587.post-26845817383669728432008-08-30T11:29:00.001-07:002008-08-30T11:29:19.657-07:00<div class="mainbox"><span class="head2">Monosacharides</span><br /><br /><br /><span class="head2">Reducing Sugar and Non-Reducing Sugar</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8217112976842020587-2684581738366972843?l=spmbiology403.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Cikgu Jeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10406902499183026672noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8217112976842020587.post-71365420938681005252008-08-30T11:26:00.001-07:002008-09-01T12:04:48.989-07:00<div class="mainbox"><span class="head2">Monosacharides</span><br /> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Polysaccharides</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Polysaccharides are polymers.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">They are large complex sugars formed by the condensation of glucose monomers..</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Examples of polysaccharides are starch, glycogen and cellulose.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Taste and Solubility</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Polysaccharides do not taste sweet and do not crystallise.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Starch is soluble in water.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Glycogen and Cellulose are not soluble in water.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Starch</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Starch is the major storage of carbohydrate in plants.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The presence of starch in food can be identified by the iodine test.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">If starch is present, the iodine solution will change from brown to blue-black.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Figure below shows the structure of a starch molecule. It consist of 2 components –</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The unbranched, helical chains of glucose.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The branched chains of blucose.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Glycogen</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Glycogen is the main storage of carbo­hydrates in animals. It is also known as animal starch.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">It is stored in liver and muscle cells of organism.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Figure below shows the structure of a glycogen molecule.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">It is highly branched.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Cellulose</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide in plant cells.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">7 Cellulose is the substance of which plant cell walls are made of. Cellulose provides support for plant cells.</span></p> <br /><br /><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8217112976842020587-7136542093868100525?l=spmbiology403.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Cikgu Jeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10406902499183026672noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8217112976842020587.post-51476728863170802002008-08-30T11:25:00.000-07:002008-09-01T11:46:39.812-07:00<div class="mainbody"><span class="head2">Disaccharides</span><br /><ol><li>Disaccharides are <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">complex sugars</span>. It consists of <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-weight: bold;">two monosaccharides joined together</span> chemically.</li><li>Disaccharides are also known as <span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;">double sugar</span>.</li><li>Examples of disaccharides are maltose, sucrose and lactose.</li></ol><br /><span class="head2">Taste of Disaccharides</span><br />All disaccharides taste <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 102, 0);">sweet </span>and <span style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0); font-weight: bold;">soluble </span>in water.<br /><br /><span class="head2">Condensation and Hydrolysis Reaction</span><br /><ol><li>2 monosacharides combine together to form 1 disaccharide molecule through a process call <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">condensation</span>.</li><li>Disaccharides can also be broken down to monosaccharides by <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">hydrolysis</span>.</li></ol><br /><div align="center"><img src="http://www.one-school.net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revisioncard/biology/chemicalcompositionofcell/images/hydrolysis.png" height="418" width="300" /></div><br /><br /><span class="head2">Condensation of Monosacharides</span><br />Figure below shows the examples of formation of disaccharides from condensation of monosacharides.<br /><br /><img src="http://www.one-school.net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revisioncard/biology/chemicalcompositionofcell/images/condensation.png" height="229" width="485" /><br /><br /><span class="head2">Hydrolysis of Disaccharides</span><br />Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction that breaks up large molecules by adding water to them.<br /><br /><img src="http://www.one-school.net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revisioncard/biology/chemicalcompositionofcell/images/hydrolysis2.png" height="229" width="485" /><br /><br /><span class="head2">Sucrose (cane sugar) </span><br /><div class="imgleft"><img src="http://www.one-school.net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revisioncard/biology/chemicalcompositionofcell/images/Sugar_cubes.jpg" height="113" width="150" /><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sugar_cubes.jpg"><span style="font-size:78%;">Copyright statement</span></a></div><ol><li>Sucrose is made up of <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">glucose and fructose</span>.</li><li>It is commonly found in sugar cane, sugar beet and sweet fruits.</li><li>It is generally extracted from sugar cane or sugar beet and then purified and crystallized to be used as a <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">sweetener in beverages</span>.</li></ol><br /><span class="head2">Lactose (milk sugar)</span><br /><ol><li>Consists of glucose and galactose.</li><li>Present in the milk.</li></ol><br /><span class="head2">Maltose (malt sugar) </span><br /><ol><li>Made up of two glucose molecules.<br /></li><li>Product of the partial digestion of starch.</li></ol><br /><span class="head2">Reducing Sugar and Non-Reducing Sugar</span><br /><br />Maltose and lactose are reducing sugars, while sucrose is a non-reducing sugar.<br /><br /><span class="head2">Chemical Test for Disaccharides</span><br /><ol><li>Since maltose and lactose are reducing sugar, they can be tested directly by Benedicts Solution.</li><li>When maltose or lactose is boiled with Benedicts Solution, a brick red precipitate will be produced, indicating the presence of reducing sugar.</li><li>Sucrose is non-reducing sugar. There is no direct test for non-reducing sugar.</li><li>However, the monomers of sucrose - glucose and fructose, are reducing sugar. Therefore, we can detect the presence of sucrose by breaking down sucrose into glucose and fructose through hydrolysis reaction (heating sucrose solution with hydroclhoric acid), follow by the heating the products with Benedicts Solution.</li><li>Formation of brick red precipitate indicates the presence of reducing sugar, and hence presence of sucrose in the solution.</li></ol><br /><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8217112976842020587-5147672886317080200?l=spmbiology403.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Cikgu Jeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10406902499183026672noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8217112976842020587.post-65037873598498215632008-08-30T11:20:00.000-07:002008-08-31T21:51:09.658-07:00<div class="mainbody"><span class="head2">Monosaccharides</span><br /><ol><li>Monosaccharides are the <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">basic building blocks</span> of carbohydrates. It cannot be broken down further into smaller units of carbohydrates.</li><li>Also known as <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">simple sugars</span>.</li><li>All monosaccharides are <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 51, 102);">reducing sugars</span>.</li><li>All monosaccharides are <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">soluble in water</span>.</li><li>Some monosaccharides <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 102, 0);">have sweet taste</span>.</li><li>Examples of monosaccharides are glucose, fructose and galactose.<br /></li></ol><br /><span class="head2">Glucose</span><br />Formula: C₆H₁₂O₆<br /><ol><li>Most common monosaccharide in living organisms </li><li>Monomer of most polysaccharides </li><li>End product in the digestion of starches and glycogen.</li></ol><br /><span class="head2">Fructose</span><br />Formula: C₆H₁₂O₆<br /><ol><li>Constituent of sweet fruits and honey.</li></ol><br /><span class="head2">Galactose</span><br />Formula: C₆H₁₂O₆<br /><ol><li>Found in milk</li></ol><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8217112976842020587-6503787359849821563?l=spmbiology403.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Cikgu Jeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10406902499183026672noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8217112976842020587.post-52053775501325421032008-08-30T11:02:00.000-07:002008-08-31T21:30:03.919-07:00<div class="mainbody"><span class="head2">Classification of Carbohydrates<br /><br /></span><img src="http://www.one-school.net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revisioncard/biology/chemicalcompositionofcell/images/carbohydrate.png" height="369" width="485" /><br /><br /><span class="head2">Importance of Carbohydrates</span><br /><ol><li>As main <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">source of energy</span> in a cell.</li><li>Forming the <span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-weight: bold;">external skeletons of insects</span></li><li>As <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">energy store</span> in animal cells (in the form of starch) and plant cells (in the form of starch).</li><li>Building <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 51, 102);">cell walls</span> in plant cells</li><li>It is the important constituent of <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">dietary fibre</span>.</li></ol><br /><span class="head2">Reducing and Non-Reducing Sugar</span><br /><ol><li>A reducing sugar is any sugar that can <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">act as a reducing agent</span>. </li><li>Reducing sugars include glucose, fructose, galactose, lactose, and maltose.</li></ol><br /><div align="center"><img src="http://www.one-school.net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revisioncard/biology/chemicalcompositionofcell/images/reducingsugar.png" height="202" width="300" /></div><br /><br /><span class="head2">Test for Reducing and Non-Reducing Sugar</span><br /><ol><li><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255); font-weight: bold;">Benedict's reagent</span> is used to determine if a reducing sugar is present. If it is a reducing sugar, the mixture will <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">turn orange or red</span>.</li><li><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Fehling's solution</span> can also be used for the same purpose.</li><li>A non-reducing sugar can be tested for in much the same way, but first the non-reducing sugar must be hydrolised by using dilute HCL Hydrochloric acid. Then neutralised. Then heat gently with Benedicts Solution, a positive result will show brick red.</li></ol><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8217112976842020587-5205377550132542103?l=spmbiology403.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Cikgu Jeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10406902499183026672noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8217112976842020587.post-50032363373343448822008-08-30T09:25:00.000-07:002008-08-31T20:05:06.703-07:00<div class="mainbody"><br /><img src="http://www.one-school.net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revisioncard/biology/chemicalcompositionofcell/images/chemicalcomposiotion2.png" height="556" width="475" /><br /><br /><span class="head1">Elements in the Cell</span><br />An element is a substance cinsist of only one kind of atom.<br /><br /><img src="http://www.one-school.net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revisioncard/biology/chemicalcompositionofcell/images/chemicalcomposiotion1.png" height="358" width="471" /><br /><span class="head2">Major Elements</span><br />Carbon (C), oxygen (0), hydrogen (H) and nitrogen (N) are the most common elements in a human body. There are the <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">major elements</span> of the body.<br /><br /><br /><span class="head2">Ultratrace Elements</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Iron</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Importance:</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Human</span><br /><ol><li>Important <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">component of haemoglobin</span> in red blood cells.</li><li>Involved in the <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">synthesis</span> of <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">red blood cells and respiratory enzymes</span>.</li></ol><span style="font-weight: bold;">Plants</span><br /><ol><li><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 153, 0);">Formations of chlorophyll</span>.</li><li>As an <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">electron carrier</span> during photosynthesis and respiration.</li></ol><br /><span class="head2">Trace Elements</span><br />Some important trace elements found in a human body are<br /><ul><li>Sodium (Na), </li><li>magnesium (Mg), </li><li>Calcium (Ca), </li><li>phosphorus (P), </li><li>potassium (K), </li><li>sulphur (S), ) and </li><li>chlorine (Cl) </li></ul><br />They make up about 4% of the mass of the human body<br /><br /><span class="head2">Importance of the Trace Elements</span><br /><br /><div class="notes"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" ><u>Sodium (Na)</u></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Human:</span><br /><ol><li><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Controls osmotic pressure</span> i the cell.</li><li>Helps in the <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">transmission of nerve impulses</span>.</li></ol></div><br /><div class="notes"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" ><u>Magnesium (Mg)</u></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Human</span><br />Help in <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">protein synthesis</span>.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Plants</span><br />Needed in the <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 153, 0);">synthesis of chlorophyll</span>.</div><br /><div class="notes"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" ><u>Calcium (Ca)</u></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Human</span><br /><ol><li>Main component of the <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">bones and teeth</span>.</li><li>Triggers <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 102, 0);">contraction of muscle</span> cells.</li><li>Promotes <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 51, 102);">blood clotting</span>.</li></ol><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Plants</span><br /><ol><li>Formation of <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">cell walls</span> (cellulose). </li><li><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">Regulates the semi-permeability</span> of plasma membranes.</li></ol></div><br /><div class="notes"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" ><u>Phosphorus (P)</u></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Human</span><br /><ol><li>Constituent of <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 102, 0);">bones and teeth</span>.</li><li>Helps in the <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 153, 0);">contraction of muscle cells</span>.</li><li>Formation of <span style="font-weight: bold;">adenosine triphosphate</span> (ATP).</li><li>Essential constituent of <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">nucleic acids</span> (DNA and RNA).</li></ol><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Plants</span><br /><ol><li>Involves in <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 102);"> cell division</span>.</li><li>Involves in the formation of <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 51, 0);">ATP and nucleic acids</span>.</li><li>Induces the <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">formation of flowers and seeds</span></li></ol></div><br /><div class="notes"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" ><u>Potassium (K)</u></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Human</span><br /><ol><li>Required in <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">muscle contractions</span></li><li>Involves in <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 51, 153);">transmission of nerve impulses.</span></li></ol><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Plants:</span><br /><ol><li>Formation of <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">carbohydrates</span>.</li><li>Activates certain <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 51, 102);">enzymes</span>.</li></ol></div><br /><div class="notes"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" ><u>Sulphur (S)</u></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Human</span><br />Components of some <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">proteins and vitamins</span> in the body.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Plants</span><br />Component of some <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 51, 153);">proteins and vitamins</span>.<br /></div><br /><div class="notes"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" ><u>Chlorine (Cl)</u></span><span style="font-size:100%;"></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Human</span><br /><ol><li>Formations of <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">hydrochloric acid</span> in the stomach.<br /></li><li><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Maintains pH value</span> of the stomach.</li></ol><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Plants</span><br /><ol><li><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">Photolysis of water</span> during photosynthesis.</li></ol><br /></div><br /><br /><span class="head1">Chemical Compounds in the Cell</span><br /><ol><li>A compound is a substance which <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">consists of two or more elements</span> combined in a fixed ratio.</li><li>Common elements such as carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-weight: bold;">combined with each other</span> to form various chemical compounds in the cell.</li><li>The chemical compounds can be divided into two types:</li><ol type="a"><li>Organic compounds which <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">contain the element carbon</span>.</li><li>Inorganic compounds which <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 51, 102);">do not contain carbon</span>.</li></ol></ol><br /><span class="head2">Organic Compounds</span><br /><ol><li>Organic compounds are chemical compounds which contain carbon and hydrogen. They are usually <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">big and complex</span>, present as <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 102, 0);">macromolecules </span>and <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 51, 102);">associated with living organisms</span>.</li><li>The examples organic compounds found in a cell are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.</li></ol><br /><span class="head2">Inorganic Compounds</span><br /><ol><li>Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon and usually associated with non-living things.</li><li>Example of inorganic compound in a cell is water.</li></ol><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8217112976842020587-5003236337334344882?l=spmbiology403.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Cikgu Jeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10406902499183026672noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8217112976842020587.post-32992372413114744202008-08-26T22:27:00.002-07:002008-08-30T10:04:20.445-07:00<div class="mainbody"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">What is Hypertonic Solution?</span><br /><br />Hypotonic solution is the solution that has lower water potential than the other solution.<br /><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">Water Concentration and Solute Concentration of a Cell in a Hypertonic Solution</span><br /><br />Water concentration: Water concentration inside the cell is higher than outside the cell.<br /><br />Solute Concentration: Solute concentration inside the cell is lower than outside the cell.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Effect of Hypertonic Solution on Animal Cell</span><br /><br /><img src="http://www.one-school.net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revisioncard/biology/movementacrossmembrane/images/hypertonicbloodcell.png" height="306" width="480" /><br /><br /><ol><li>If an animal cell such as red blood cell is placed into a hypertonic solution, <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">water molecules is transported out from </span>the red blood cells by <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">osmosis </span>(as shown in the diagram above).</li><li>The red blood cells will <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">shrink</span> due to the lost of water from the cell and probably die.<br /></li><li>The red blood cells are said to undergo <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">crenation </span>.</li></ol><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center; font-size: 14px;"><object height="344" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/IRQLRO3dIp8&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/IRQLRO3dIp8&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" height="344" width="425"></embed></object><br />The Youtube video above shows the effects of hypertonic solution on red blood cells. We can see that the cells finally shrink in hypertonic solution.<br /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Effect of Hypertonic Solution on Plant Cell</span><br /><br /><img src="http://www.one-school.net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revisioncard/biology/movementacrossmembrane/images/hypertonicplantcell.png" height="330" width="480" /><br /><br /><ol><li>When a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water molecules is <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">transported out from the cell by osmosis</span>.</li><li>The vacuole and cytoplasm are then shrink due to lost of water.</li><li>The <span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">plasma membrane</span> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 51, 0);">is pulled away from the cell wall.</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 51, 51);"></span>.</li><li>The process is called <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">plasmolysed</span>.</li></ol><br /><br /><br />Summary:<br /><br /><img src="http://www.one-school.net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revisioncard/biology/movementacrossmembrane/images/Osmotic_pressure_on_blood_cells_diagram.png" height="249" width="471" /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center; font-size: 14px;"><br /><object height="344" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/GOxouJUtEhE&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/GOxouJUtEhE&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" height="344" width="425"></embed></object><br /></div><br /><br /><a href="http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Cells/Osmosis.htm">Internet Resources</a><br /><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8217112976842020587-3299237241311474420?l=spmbiology403.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Cikgu Jeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10406902499183026672noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8217112976842020587.post-38684213007916665712008-08-26T22:27:00.001-07:002008-08-30T10:04:10.854-07:00<div class="mainbody"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">What is Isotonic Solution?</span><br /><br />In isotonic solutions, both solutions have equal water potential.<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">Water Concentration and Solute Concentration of a Cell in a Isotonic Solution</span><br /><br />Water concentration and solute concentration are equal in both solutions.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Effect of Isotonic Solution on Animal Cell</span><br /><br /><img src="http://www.one-school.net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revisioncard/biology/movementacrossmembrane/images/isotonicbloodcell.png" height="306" width="480" /><br /><br /><ol><li>If an animal cell such as red blood cell is placed into a isotonic solution, <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">amount of water molecules is transported into</span> the red blood cells by <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">osmosis </span>is equal to the amount of water molecules transported out from the cell (as shown in the diagram above).</li><li>Therefore the amount of water in the cell remain unchanged.</li><li>The red blood cells <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">maintain their shape</span>.</li></ol><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center; font-size: 14px;"><object height="344" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/plen79Fgmz0&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/plen79Fgmz0&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" height="344" width="425"></embed></object><br />The Youtube video above shows the effects of isotonic solution on red blood cells. All the cells remain unchanged in isotonic solution.<br /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Effect of Isotonic Solution on Plant Cell</span><br /><br /><img src="http://www.one-school.net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revisioncard/biology/movementacrossmembrane/images/isotonicplantcell.png" height="306" width="480" /><br /><br /><ol><li>When a plant cell is placed in an isotonic solution, solute concentration in the external solution is equal to the solute concentration i the cell sap.</li><li>Therefore the rate of diffusion of water into the cell is equal to the rate of diffusion of water out from the cell.</li><li>As a result, the shape of the cell remain unchanged.<br /></li></ol><br /><br /><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8217112976842020587-3868421300791666571?l=spmbiology403.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Cikgu Jeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10406902499183026672noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8217112976842020587.post-19457389269376811582008-08-26T22:26:00.002-07:002008-08-30T10:03:45.807-07:00<div class="mainbody"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">What is Hypotonic Solution?</span><br /><br />Hypotonic solution is the solution that has higher water potential than the other solution.<br /><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">Water Concentration and Solute Concentration of a Cell in a Hypotonic Solution</span><br /><br />Water concentration: Water concentration inside the cell is lower than outside the cell.<br /><br />Solute Concentration: Solute concentration inside the cell is higher than outside the cell.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Effect of Hypotonic Solution on Animal Cell</span><br /><br /><img src="http://www.one-school.net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revisioncard/biology/movementacrossmembrane/images/hypotonicbloodcell.png" height="297" width="480" /><br /><br /><ol><li>If an animal cell such as red blood cell is placed into a hypotonic solution, <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">water molecules is transported into</span> the red blood cells by <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">osmosis </span>(as shown in the diagram above).</li><li>The red blood cells will <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">inflate and finally burst</span> because the thin membrane cannot withstand the high pressure inside the cell.</li><li>The red blood cells are said to undergo <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">haemolysis</span>.</li></ol><br /><br /><div style="text-align:center; font-size:14px;"><object height="344" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/EA_ss8ZkjAM&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/EA_ss8ZkjAM&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" height="344" width="425"></embed></object><br />The Youtube video above shows the effects of hypotonic solution on red blood cells. We can see that the cells finally burst and become "blur" under the microscope.<br /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Effect of Hypotonic Solution on Plant Cell</span><br /><br /><img src="http://www.one-school.net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revisioncard/biology/movementacrossmembrane/images/hypotonicplantcell.png" height="288" width="480" /><br /><br /><ol><li>When a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water molecules is <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">transported into the cell by osmosis</span>.</li><li>The water is then stored in vacuole causing it to <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">expand and exerts pressure</span> on the <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 51, 153);">cell wall</span>. This pressure is called turgor pressure.</li><li>The <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 51, 0);">turgor pressure</span> caused the plant cell to become firm or <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 51, 51);">turgid</span>.</li><li>The rigid <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">cell wall prevents cell from bursting</span>.</li></ol><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8217112976842020587-1945738926937681158?l=spmbiology403.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Cikgu Jeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10406902499183026672noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8217112976842020587.post-9672412257212464532008-08-26T22:26:00.001-07:002008-08-30T10:08:58.202-07:00<div class="mainbody"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">What is Active Transport?</span><br /><br />Active transport is the movement of substances across the plasma membrane of cells <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">against the concentration gradient</span> (From lower concentration to higher concentration).<br /><br />Since it is against the concentration gradient, <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 51, 102);">energy is needed</span> in the process.<br /><br />Video below shows how particles are transported through the carrier protein in active transport. Take notes that the process only happens when the carrier protein receives energy from an ATP.<br /><br /><br /><div class="youtube"><object height="344" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/STzOiRqzzL4&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/STzOiRqzzL4&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" height="344" width="425"></embed></object></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Basic Requirements in Active Transport</span><br /><ol><li>Presence of the carrier protein</li><li>Presence of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)<br /></li></ol><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Function of the ATP</span><br /><br />ATP is the source of energy in active transport. It supplies energy to the carrier protein to carry out the process. It is converted into ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) after the reaction.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Mechanism of Active Transport</span><br /><br />The video below shows how sodium ions and potassium ions are transported through the plasma membrane by a carrier protein.<br /><br /><object height="344" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/_bmp2_T0c7k&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/_bmp2_T0c7k&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" height="344" width="425"></embed></object><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Examples of Active Transport</span><br /><br />Intake of mineral ions by the root hairs of a plant.<br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8217112976842020587-967241225721246453?l=spmbiology403.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Cikgu Jeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10406902499183026672noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8217112976842020587.post-84334350614548151622008-08-26T22:25:00.000-07:002008-08-30T10:17:01.557-07:00<div class="mainbody"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">What is Facilitated Diffusion?</span><br /><br />Facilitated diffusion is the passive <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">transport of substances</span> <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">across the plasma membrane</span> with the <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 0);">help of transport proteins</span> such as the channel protein and the carrier protein.<br /><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">Substances Pass through the Plasma Membrane through Facilitated Diffusion</span><br /><br />Particles undergo facilitated diffusion are the particles that cannot diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer such as<br /><ol><li>Large particles such as glucose, amino acids, proteins and nucleic acids</li><li>Some ions such as the sodium ions and chloride ions<br /></li></ol><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">2 Types of Transport Protein</span><br /><br />Facilitated diffusion occurs through 2 types of transport protein, namely<br /><ol><li>Channel Protein</li><li>Carrier Protein</li></ol><br /><img src="http://www.one-school.net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revisioncard/biology/movementacrossmembrane/images/facilitateddiffusion.png" height="212" width="481" /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Mechanism of Facilitated Diffusion</span><br /><br />Click on the links below to see how facilitated diffusion happen through the plama membrane of the cell.<br /><br /><div class="linkbox"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Internet Resources (Flash Animation)</span><br /><ul><li><a href="http://biomedicum.ut.ee/armpgb/1kursus/Ani_5.swf">Simple Diffusion and Facilitated Diffusion - biomedicum.ut.ee</a><br /></li><li><a href="http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0072464631/291136/facDiffusion.swf">How Facilitated Diffusion Work? -mcgraw-hill.com</a><br /></li><li><a href="http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/biology1111/animations/passive3.swf">Passive Transport (Highly Recommended) - northland.cc.mn.us</a></li></ul><div style="text-align: right; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"><a href="http://spmbiology403.blogspot.com/2008/08/cant-open-flash-swf-file-in-inernet.html"><span style="font-size:100%;">Can't open the flash (swf) file in internet explorer? Click here.</span></a><br /></div></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Concentration Gradient</span><br /><br />Facilitated diffusion happens down a concentration gradient.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Similarities between Simple Diffusion and Facilitated Diffusion</span><br /><ol><li>Down the concentration gradient (From high concentration to low concentration)</li><li>No energy is required</li></ol><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Differences between Simple Diffusion and Facilitated Diffusion</span><br /><br /><img src="http://www.one-school.net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revisioncard/biology/movementacrossmembrane/images/diffusiondifference.png" height="268" width="480" /><br /><br /><br /><div align="center"><object height="344" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/s0p1ztrbXPY&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/s0p1ztrbXPY&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" height="344" width="425"></embed></object></div><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8217112976842020587-8433435061454815162?l=spmbiology403.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Cikgu Jeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10406902499183026672noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8217112976842020587.post-78509634114133205542008-08-26T22:24:00.002-07:002008-08-30T10:03:20.569-07:00<div class="mainbody"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">What is Osmosis?</span><br /><br />Osmosis is the diffusion of a <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">water </span>through a <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">semi-permeable membrane</span>, from a solution of <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">low solute concentration</span> <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">to a solution with high solute concentration</span>.<br /><br />It is a physical process in which a solvent moves, <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 0);">without input of energy</span>, across a semi-permeable membrane separating two solutions of different concentrations.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">Important Points:</span><br /><ul><li>It is the diffusion of water (normally) through a semi-permeable membrane.</li><li>It is from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution.</li></ul><br /><br /><br /><div style="border: 0.05em solid rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 10px; padding: 5px; background-color: rgb(222, 231, 209);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Internet Resources (Flash Animation)</span><br /><ul><li><a href="http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/biology1111/animations/passive4.swf">Passive Transport (Highly Recommended) - northland.cc.mn.us</a></li><li><a href="http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/membrane_transport/membrane_transport.swf">Cellular Transport: Diffusion/Osmosis - wiley.com</a></li><li><a href="http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/transport/osmosis.swf">Osmosis - stolaf.edu</a></li></ul><div style="text-align: right; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"><a href="http://spmbiology403.blogspot.com/2008/08/cant-open-flash-swf-file-in-inernet.html"><span style="font-size:100%;">Can't open the flash (swf) file in internet explorer? Click here.</span></a><br /></div><br /></div><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8217112976842020587-7850963411413320554?l=spmbiology403.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Cikgu Jeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10406902499183026672noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8217112976842020587.post-40803487087991647812008-08-26T22:24:00.001-07:002008-08-30T10:02:50.932-07:00<div class="mainbody"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">What is passive transport?</span><br /><br />Passive transport is the <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">movement of substances</span> across the cell membrane <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">without the use of energy</span> by the cell.<br /><br />During passive transport, substances <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">move down their concentration gradient</span>, hence no energy is required.<br /><br />Passive transports can happen through three different channels, namely<br /><ol><li>lipid bilayer</li><li>pore protein</li><li>carrier protein</li></ol><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">What is diffusion?</span><br /><br />Diffusion is the movement of particles from a high density region to a low density region. No energy is needed and no membrane involves in diffusion.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">The Dynamic Equilibrium</span><br /><br />Diffusion will continue until the concentration in all region is the same. When this happen, we say it has reached the dynamic equilibrium.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Factors Affecting the Rate of Diffusion (How fast diffusion happens)</span><br /><br /><img src="http://www.one-school.net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revisioncard/biology/movementacrossmembrane/images/rateofdiffusion.png" height="268" width="480" /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Particles that Move Through the Plasma Membrane Through Diffusion</span><br /><ol><li><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 153, 0);">Substances soluble in fat</span>: fatty acid, glycerol, some vitamins (A,D,E,K)</li><li><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">Neutral particles</span>: water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, </li></ol><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Example of Diffusion</span><br /><br />Between alveoli and blood capillaries in the lung during gases exchange.<br /><br /><br /><div style="border: 0.05em solid rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 10px; padding: 5px; background-color: rgb(222, 231, 209);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Internet Resources (Flash Animation)</span><br /><ul><li><a href="http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0072464631/291136/diffusion.swf">How Diffusion Work? -mcgraw-hill.com</a></li></ul><div style="text-align: right; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"><a href="http://spmbiology403.blogspot.com/2008/08/cant-open-flash-swf-file-in-inernet.html"><span style="font-size:100%;">Can't open the flash (swf) file in internet explorer? Click here.</span></a><br /></div></div><br /><br /><div align="center"><br /><object height="344" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/gXJMBgyT_hk&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/gXJMBgyT_hk&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" height="344" width="425"></embed></object></div><br /><br /><div align="center"><br /><object height="344" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/H7QsDs8ZRMI&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/H7QsDs8ZRMI&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" height="344" width="425"></embed></object></div><br /><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8217112976842020587-4080348708799164781?l=spmbiology403.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Cikgu Jeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10406902499183026672noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8217112976842020587.post-21622545745153370552008-08-26T22:23:00.001-07:002008-08-30T10:01:31.728-07:00<div class="mainbody"><strong style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">The Plasma Membrane</strong><br /><br />The plasma membrane is a <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">semi-permeable</span> <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">lipid bilayer</span> found in all cells that controls water and certain substances in and out of the cell.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Function of the Plasma Membrane</span><br /><ol><li>Protects the cell.</li><li>Separates the intracellular components from the extracellular environment.</li><li>Controls what enters and exits the cell</li></ol><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Necessities for the Movement of Substances across the Plasma Membrane</span><br /><ol><li>To transport nutrients into the cell.</li><li>For gases exchange<br /></li><li>To excrete metabolic waste.</li><li>To maintain the pH value and ionic concentration of the cell.</li></ol><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Substances In and Out through the Membrane</span><br /><div align="center"><img src="http://www.one-school.net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revisioncard/biology/movementacrossmembrane/images/substancesinandout.png" height="546" width="346" /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Structure of the Plasma Membrane</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Fluid Mosaic Model</span><br /><div align="center"><object height="344" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/owEgqrq51zY&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/owEgqrq51zY&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" height="344" width="425"></embed></object></div><br /><br /><div style="border: 0.05em solid rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 10px; padding: 5px; background-color: rgb(222, 231, 209);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Internet Resources (Flash Animation)</span><br /><ul><li><a href="http://www.susanahalpine.com/anim/Life/memb.htm">Structure of Cell Membrane (Flash Animation)</a></li></ul><div style="text-align: right; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"><a href="http://spmbiology403.blogspot.com/2008/08/cant-open-flash-swf-file-in-inernet.html"><span style="font-size:100%;">Can't open the flash (swf) file in internet explorer? Click here.</span></a><br /></div></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Permeability of the Phospholipids Bilayer</span><br /><br />The permeability of the phospholipids bilayer is determined by:<br /><ol><li>the size</li><li>the charge and</li><li>the polarity</li></ol>of the substances pass through it.<br /><br /><div align="center"><br /><img src="http://www.one-school.net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revisioncard/biology/movementacrossmembrane/images/permeability.png" height="346" width="483" /><br /></div><br /><br /><div align="center"><object height="344" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/GW0lqf4Fqpg&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/GW0lqf4Fqpg&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" height="344" width="425"></embed></object></div><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8217112976842020587-2162254574515337055?l=spmbiology403.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Cikgu Jeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10406902499183026672noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8217112976842020587.post-22433318964810149452008-08-26T19:13:00.000-07:002008-08-29T19:50:35.409-07:00I found that the links to a flash (swf) file work well in firefox, but not in internet explorer.<br /><br />If you can't open the flash (swf) file in internet explorer 7 (ie7) even you have installed the flash player. The following solution may helps to solve the problem.<br /><br />What you need to do is to uncheck the "active control"<br /><ol><li>Go to <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">tools</span> </span>- <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">internet options</span> and choose <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">advanced</span>.</span></li><li>Scroll down to the bottom until you see <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">security</span>. Uncheck the "Allow active content to run in files in My computer"</li><li>Restart internet explorer.</li></ol>It works well in my computer and hopefully yours, too.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_FvsTUIeZz6o/SLizRyOrsDI/AAAAAAAAAAU/kyykDEJBCvQ/s1600-h/ie1.png"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_FvsTUIeZz6o/SLizRyOrsDI/AAAAAAAAAAU/kyykDEJBCvQ/s400/ie1.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5240135284568076338" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_FvsTUIeZz6o/SLizR0-QASI/AAAAAAAAAAc/Q4yZbCfKrz4/s1600-h/ie2.png"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_FvsTUIeZz6o/SLizR0-QASI/AAAAAAAAAAc/Q4yZbCfKrz4/s400/ie2.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5240135285304459554" border="0" /></a><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8217112976842020587-2243331896481014945?l=spmbiology403.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Cikgu Jeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10406902499183026672noreply@blogger.com